The present study was undertaken to develop and evaluate an herbal oral fast-dissolving film (OFDF) containing corn silk (Zea mays L.) extract. Fresh corn silk was collected, shade-dried, powdered and extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, proteins and amino acids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, gums, resins, mucilage, quinones and coumarins, while anthraquinone glycosides, volatile oils, fixed oils and emodins were not detected. The oral fast-dissolving film was prepared by the solvent casting method using methyl cellulose as the film-forming polymer, glycerol as plasticizer, sucrose as sweetener, citric acid as saliva stimulant and taste enhancer, and peppermint oil as flavouring agent. The prepared film exhibited a smooth, uniform and pale-yellow translucent appearance without visible cracks or air bubbles. The optimized film showed a weight of 48.6 ± 1.25 mg, thickness of 0.118 ± 0.006 mm, folding endurance of 128 ± 5 folds and surface pH of 6.7 ± 0.12. The extract content uniformity was found to be 97.8 ± 1.46%, while the disintegration time was 38 ± 3 seconds. The film showed 96.4 ± 1.82% release within 10 minutes. Tensile strength and percentage elongation were found to be 18.6 ± 1.14 N/mm² and 14.8 ± 1.21%, respectively. The moisture content was 3.72 ± 0.31%, swelling index was 142 ± 4.6%, and in-vitro residence time was 4.2 ± 0.3 minutes. The formulation remained physically stable during the stability study, with no significant changes observed. The corn silk extract also demonstrated concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Overall, the findings indicate that corn silk extract can be successfully incorporated into an oral fast-dissolving film, providing a convenient and rapidly disintegrating herbal dosage form with promising antimicrobial activity.

Background: Pharmacoeconomics is an evolving discipline that evaluates the costs and consequences of pharmaceutical products and healthcare interventions. With escalating healthcare expenditure globally, there is an increasing need to incorporate economic evidence into clinical and policy decision making. Ayurvedic medicine, one of the world's oldest systems of healthcare, offers potentially cost-effective solutions for a range of acute and chronic conditions, yet its pharmacoeconomic evaluation remains underexplored. Objectives: This review aims to outline the core principles and methodologies of pharmacoeconomics, critically appraise published economic evaluations of Ayurvedic interventions, identify methodological gaps, and propose a framework for future research. Methods: A systematic narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, AYUSH Research Portal, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases. Studies published between 2000 and 2024 reporting economic evaluations of Ayurvedic treatments were included. Results: Evidence consistently demonstrates that several Ayurvedic formulations, including Triphala, Ashwagandha, Boswellia serrata, Brahmi, and Panchakarma therapy, offer favourable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios compared with conventional allopathic counterparts. However, methodological heterogeneity, inadequate long term data, and lack of standardized quality of life instruments represent significant barriers. Conclusion: Ayurvedic treatments hold significant pharmacoeconomic promise. Rigorous, well-designed economic evaluations using standardized methodologies are urgently needed to facilitate evidence based integration into mainstream healthcare and national formularies.

Autoimmune diseases arise from a breakdown of immune tolerance, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive tissue damage. Conventional immunosuppressive therapies, although effective in symptom control, are limited by poor specificity, long-term toxicity, and increased susceptibility to infections. Advances in immunology have led to the development of targeted immunotherapies that selectively modulate pathogenic immune pathways while preserving protective immune functions. This review highlights recent trends in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases, focusing on monoclonal antibodies, cytokine-targeted therapies, immune checkpoint modulators, and emerging cellular therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell and chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR) T-cell therapies. Novel approaches including CAR-NK cells, regulatory T-cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cell therapy, gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9, and artificial intelligence-driven personalized immunotherapy are also discussed. In addition, key challenges such as cytokine release syndrome, infection risk, high cost, variable therapeutic response, and ethical concerns are addressed. Overall, immunotherapy represents a paradigm shift from broad immunosuppression toward precision immune modulation, offering the potential for durable remission and immune tolerance restoration in autoimmune diseases.

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer a patient-friendly alternative to conventional routes by avoiding first-pass metabolism, enabling controlled release, and enhancing adherence. Advances such as microneedle technology, nanocarrier-based formulations, and smart wearable patches have broadened TDDS applications from small molecules to complex biologics and vaccines. Nevertheless, limitations including skin barrier variability, formulation challenges, and regulatory concerns continue to hinder widespread clinical adoption. This review discusses recent innovations, key challenges, and emerging opportunities in TDDS, with emphasis on their role in chronic disease therapy, vaccination strategies, and personalized medicine.

Nanosuspension technology has emerged as an effective pharmaceutical strategy for enhancing the solubility, dissolution rate, and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions containing pure drug particles stabilized by surfactants or polymers with particle sizes typically below 1000 nm. These systems provide improved therapeutic efficacy, targeted delivery, reduced dosage frequency, and enhanced patient compliance. This review discusses the fundamental concepts of nanosuspensions, preparation methods, stabilizers used in formulation, characterization techniques, advantages, limitations, and biomedical applications. Recent advances in nanotechnology and pharmaceutical engineering have further expanded the clinical and commercial potential of nanosuspensionbased drug delivery systems.

Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatological disorder characterized by persistent facial erythema, telangiectasia, papules, pustules, and, in advanced cases, phymatous and ocular manifestations. Recent advances in pharmaceutical technology have focused on improving therapeutic efficacy, skin penetration, patient compliance, tolerability, and targeted delivery. This comprehensive review examines recent developments in pharmaceutical formulations for rosacea during 2021–2026, with particular emphasis on topical, systemic, combination, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Novel formulations of azelaic acid, metronidazole, ivermectin, and low-dose doxycycline have demonstrated improved efficacy and tolerability compared with conventional formulations. Liposomal, nanoparticulate, and polymeric delivery systems have further enhanced drug penetration, skin retention, controlled release, and reduction of local irritation. Fixed-combination approaches, particularly azelaic acid with ivermectin, have shown superior clinical responses compared with monotherapy by simultaneously addressing inflammatory, antimicrobial, and acaricidal mechanisms. Contemporary evidence also supports personalized step care approaches based on rosacea subtype and severity, with integration of pharmacological treatment and laser or intense pulsed light therapies in refractory or vascular disease. Overall, pharmaceutical formulation innovations are shifting rosacea management toward targeted, sustained, combination, and patient-centered therapies. Continued research into optimized nanocarriers, long-term safety, personalized formulations, and clinically validated delivery systems may further improve therapeutic outcomes and quality of life in patients with rosacea.